References & Sources
Tooth outline anatomy & canal morphology
Hargreaves KM, Berman LH, eds. Cohen's Pathways of the Pulp. 12th ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2021.
Average crown & root lengths · crown-to-root ratios
Nelson SJ. Wheeler's Dental Anatomy, Physiology, and Occlusion. 11th ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2020.
Proportional construction
After Leonardo da Vinci, Vitruvian Man (c. 1490) — figure inscribed in circle & square.